Greece today · Tuesday 3 November

Greece today: 2027 road-tax notices are out, ΚΤΕΛ buses strike, and people with pending court objections have until 15 November to reschedule them

The 2027 road-tax notices are on ΑΑΔΕ's myCAR platform, and payment is due by 31 December 2026. ΚΤΕΛ bus workers strike for 24 hours today, and a joint ministerial decision gives people with pending court objections against enforcement until 15 November 2026 to apply to have their hearings rescheduled.

Written by Claude AI
· 7 min

31We read 31 sources, 28 in Greek, 10 of them official documents, We read joint ministerial decision 6315/2026 in the Government Gazette (ΦΕΚ Β' 6567/30.10.2026) and articles 60 and 62 of law 5177/2025 (ΦΕΚ Α' 21/2025) ourselves, along with the Labour and Education Ministry releases, the government spokesman's Cabinet announcement, Eurostat's release, Taxheaven's reproduction of ΑΑΔΕ decision Α.1227/2026 and e-ΕΦΚΑ's press-release list. The Bank of Greece's site blocks our reader, so an editor read its release in a browser. We found no notice from the ΟΣΜΕ union, so the ΚΤΕΛ strike rests on press reports; Parliament's website and Eleftheros Typos blocked us., so you can read this in 7 minutes. What we checked ↓

At a glance

  • The 2027 road tax is due by 31 December 2026: ERT reports that the notices went up on ΑΑΔΕ's myCAR platform on 2 November, and the law adds 25% for paying in January 2027, 50% in February and a fine equal to the tax after that.21
  • Workers at Greece's ΚΤΕΛ regional bus companies are on a 24-hour nationwide strike on Tuesday 3 November 2026, called by the ΟΣΜΕ union; ΚΤΕΛ Thessaloniki is running normally, according to several outlets.13141617
  • People with pending court objections (ανακοπές) whose hearings are set from 17 September 2027 to 31 December 2032 have until 15 November 2026 to apply to have them rescheduled, under joint ministerial decision 6315/2026.2121

Road tax 2027: the notices are on myCAR, and payment is due by 31 December 2026

ΑΑΔΕ (Ανεξάρτητη Αρχή Δημοσίων Εσόδων, Anexartiti Archi Dimosion Esodon), Greece's tax authority, posted the 2027 road-tax (τέλη κυκλοφορίας, teli kykloforias) notices on its myCAR platform on Monday 2 November 2026, according to ERT, the public broadcaster.2 Law 5177/2025, published in the Government Gazette (ΦΕΚ, Fyllo Efimeridas tis Kyverniseos) on 14 February 2025, says road tax is collected from 1 November to 31 December of the year before the one it covers, so the 2027 tax is due by Thursday 31 December 2026.12 ERT reports that no change to the rates has been announced for 2027.2

Paying the 2027 road tax in January 2027 adds a fine of 25% of the tax, and paying in February 2027 adds 50%.1 After that, or if the tax is never paid, the law imposes a separate fine equal to the tax itself.1 An owner who will not use a car in 2027 must declare it off the road (ακινησία, akinisia) by 31 December 2026 and take the number plates off the car immediately after declaring.1 We explain the amounts, how to pay with or without TAXISnet codes, and the ακινησία rules in full in our 2027 road-tax guide.

Bank rates: the new-business gap narrowed slightly in September 2026, and the gap on existing balances widened

The spread between the average rate Greek banks charged on new loans and the rate they paid on new deposits fell to 4.36 percentage points in September 2026, according to the Τράπεζα της Ελλάδος (Trapeza tis Ellados), the Bank of Greece.3 By our calculation, the same spread was 4.42 points in August 2026, using the release's August averages of 4.79% on new loans and 0.37% on new deposits.3 On outstanding balances, the loans and deposits already on banks' books, the Bank of Greece says the spread increased to 4.53 percentage points.3

Greek households earned 0.03% on overnight deposits in September 2026, unchanged, and 1.28% on new deposits of up to one year.3 The European Central Bank's deposit facility rate has been 2.50% since 16 September 2026.4 New floating-rate mortgages rose 33 basis points to 3.72%.3 Ta Nea and Parapolitika headlined the figures «Έκλεισε η "ψαλίδα"» ("the scissors closed"), a common Greek way of saying a gap has narrowed, and both articles say the gap closed slightly; Capital.gr called it a "small fall".567 We explain the figures in full in our analysis of September's bank rates.

AI at work and platform work: the bill went to Cabinet on 2 November 2026, but there is no text yet

Niki Kerameus, the Minister of Labour, presented a bill on the use of AI in the labour market and on platform work to the Υπουργικό Συμβούλιο (Ypourgiko Symvoulio), the Cabinet, on Monday 2 November 2026, and then at a press conference.89 The bill would transpose Directive (EU) 2024/2831 on platform work, and EU member states must transpose that directive by 2 December 2026.812 No bill text has been published, and as far as we could find on 3 November 2026 the bill has not been posted for public consultation or tabled in Parliament.810

According to press reports of the ministry's material, the bill would create a rebuttable presumption of employment: a person's relationship with a platform would count as employment when facts indicate direction and control, and the platform could challenge it.1011 Capital.gr and ERTnews report that the bill is expected to go to public consultation; no date has been given.1011 We explain it in full in our updated explainer on the bill.

ΚΤΕΛ strike: regional buses stop for 24 hours on Tuesday 3 November 2026

Workers at urban and intercity ΚΤΕΛ (KTEL), Greece's regional bus companies, are on a 24-hour nationwide strike on Tuesday 3 November 2026.1314 Every report we read says the strike was called by ΟΣΜΕ (Ομοσπονδία Συνδικάτων Μεταφορών Ελλάδας, Omospondia Syndikaton Metaforon Elladas), the Federation of Transport Unions of Greece; we found no notice from the union itself.131415 The workers are asking for a new sector-wide collective agreement, pay rises, job security and more permanent staff.1415 The union says their pay has been frozen for 17 years.1315

The strike falls on the day the Εφετείο Αθηνών (Efeteio Athinon), the Athens Court of Appeal, was scheduled to hear ΟΣΜΕ's application to annul arbitration decision 8/2026 of ΟΜΕΔ (Οργανισμός Μεσολάβησης και Διαιτησίας, Organismos Mesolavisis kai Diaitisias), the mediation and arbitration body.131415 According to The TOC, ΟΜΕΔ's five-member panel had overturned a first-instance arbitration decision of May 2026 that granted modest rises.13

ΚΤΕΛ Thessaloniki is running all its routes normally, according to Ta Nea, eMakedonia and Newsbomb, which cites the company's official announcement.161718 Newsbomb also reports that intercity ΚΤΕΛ Achaia, intercity ΚΤΕΛ Fthiotida and urban ΚΤΕΛ Lamia are running normally, that ΚΤΕΛ Evia, Evrytania and Fokida are not taking part, and that disruption is expected in Livadeia and Magnesia; we found no notices from those companies.18 The reports we read give no start or end times, and they did not mention the city bus services in Athens or Thessaloniki or the Athens Metro.13141618 Check with your local ΚΤΕΛ station before you travel.

Electricity-market bill: the committee reading was due to start on 3 November 2026

The Environment and Energy Ministry's bill on the design of the electricity market, which also transposes Directive (EU) 2024/1711, was tabled in Parliament on Saturday 31 October 2026.19 It was due to begin its reading on Tuesday 3 November 2026 in Parliament's Production and Trade Committee (Επιτροπή Παραγωγής και Εμπορίου, Epitropi Paragogis kai Emporiou), according to Ethnos, and HuffPost Greece reported that morning that it was going to the relevant committee that day.1920 Ethnos reports that the bill makes fixed-price contracts of a set term an obligation on suppliers.19 We found no report of the sitting itself, and no date for the plenary vote, by the time of writing; Parliament's website blocked our reader.1920 Our explainer on the bill sets out what it would change.

Pending court objections: apply by 15 November 2026 to reschedule hearings set for 2027–2032

An ανακοπή (anakopi) in this context is a court objection against forced enforcement (αναγκαστική εκτέλεση, anagkastiki ektelesi) of a debt; Mononews describes the objections concerned as objections to auctions.2122 Law 5221/2025, which changed the rules on these objections in order to speed up their hearing, set up an online platform where pending objections can be rescheduled (επαναπροσδιορισμός, epanaprosdiorismos).21 Joint ministerial decision (Κοινή Υπουργική Απόφαση, Koini Ypourgiki Apofasi, ΚΥΑ) 6315 of 29 October 2026, published in ΦΕΚ Β' 6567 on 30 October 2026, extends the deadline for these applications to Sunday 15 November 2026.21

For objections with a hearing date set from 17 September 2027 to 31 December 2029, applications can be made from 1 September 2026 to 15 November 2026.21 For objections with a hearing date set from 1 January 2030 to 31 December 2032, applications can be made from 1 October 2026 to 15 November 2026.21 The decision says the consequences set out in article 14(3) of the original decision, 42483/2026, now apply after the extended deadline, and its recitals refer to the consequences of late filing under article 134 of law 5221/2025.21 Mononews reports that if no application is made in time, the objection is treated as if it had never been filed.22

The decision was signed by the Ministers of National Economy and Finance, Justice and Digital Governance and takes effect on publication.21 Its recitals cite a letter of 26 October 2026 from the president of the Plenary of the Presidents of the Bar Associations of Greece (Ολομέλεια των Προέδρων των Δικηγορικών Συλλόγων Ελλάδος, Olomeleia ton Proedron ton Dikigorikon Syllogon Ellados), which asked for more time because no circular had been issued on how to withdraw an application already filed.21 The President of the Άρειος Πάγος (Areios Pagos), Greece's Supreme Court, issued circular 2408 on that procedure on 29 October 2026.21 If you have a pending objection with a hearing date in 2027–2032, ask your lawyer whether a rescheduling application has been filed.

Reminders: short-let declarations and December pension dates

Short-let stay declarations (Δηλώσεις Βραχυχρόνιας Διαμονής, Diloseis Vrachychronias Diamonis) for guests who left, or bookings cancelled, in September 2026 are due by Friday 13 November 2026 under ΑΑΔΕ decision Α.1227/2026.23 The extension covers September 2026 only, so by our reading declarations for guests who left in October 2026 are due by 20 November 2026 under the usual rule of the 20th of the following month.2324 Our explainer on ΑΑΔΕ's short-let checks covers the deadlines and fines.

e-ΕΦΚΑ (Ηλεκτρονικός Εθνικός Φορέας Κοινωνικής Ασφάλισης, Ilektronikos Ethnikos Foreas Koinonikis Asfalisis), the national social-security fund, had still not announced the December 2026 pension dates when we checked its press-release list on 3 November 2026; its latest releases were dated 23 October 2026.25 Wednesday 25 and Friday 27 November 2026 remain dates proposed by e-ΕΦΚΑ's board, according to Powergame, and enikonomia.gr notes that they have not been officially confirmed.2627 Eleftheros Typos headlined them as «τελικές ημερομηνίες» ("final dates"); its page blocked our reader, and the search extract we saw attributes the dates to e-ΕΦΚΑ's «προγραμματισμός» (planning) and cites no release.28 Our pension dates guide will be updated when e-ΕΦΚΑ publishes the dates.

In brief

  • This week's benefit payments: e-ΕΦΚΑ and ΔΥΠΑ (Δημόσια Υπηρεσία Απασχόλησης, Dimosia Ypiresia Apascholisis), the public employment service, pay a total of €73,358,635.24 to 86,661 beneficiaries from 2 to 6 November 2026, according to the Ministry of Labour's release of 30 October 2026.29 That includes €15,100,000 from e-ΕΦΚΑ on 5 November 2026 to 31,000 people for maternity, sickness and accident benefits and funeral expenses, and €21,000,000 from ΔΥΠΑ to 35,000 people for unemployment and other benefits.29
  • Student housing allowance in Thessaloniki: Sofia Zacharaki, the Minister of Education, Religious Affairs and Sport, has approved by decision a grant of €1,036,500 to ΑΠΘ (Αριστοτέλειο Πανεπιστήμιο Θεσσαλονίκης, Aristoteleio Panepistimio Thessalonikis), the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, to pay the student housing allowance to its eligible students, the ministry announced on 3 November 2026.30 For students in Thessaloniki the allowance is €1,500, or €2,000 for a student who shares the home, according to the ministry.30 Our student housing allowance guide explains who qualifies.
  • Euro-area inflation tomorrow: Eurostat, the EU's statistics office, is scheduled to publish its flash estimate of euro-area inflation for October 2026 on Wednesday 4 November 2026.31

What we checked

Highlights from our fact-check against the original Greek documents. Every claim in the article went through the same check.

  • Confirmed

    Mononews reported that people with pending objections whose hearings are set from 17 September 2027 to 31 December 2032 have until 15 November 2026 to apply to reschedule them.22

    Joint ministerial decision 6315/2026 sets 15 November 2026 as the closing date for both groups: hearings from 17 September 2027 to 31 December 2029, and from 1 January 2030 to 31 December 2032.2121

  • Confirmed

    ERT reported fines of 25% for paying the 2027 road tax in January 2027, 50% in February and 100% from 1 March 2027.2

    Article 60(3) of law 5177/2025 sets the 25% and 50% fines and, after that, a separate fine equal to the road tax. The law does not use the figure 100%, but the effect is the same.1

  • Confirmed

    Capital.gr reported that the margin between outstanding deposit and loan rates at Greek banks rose to 4.53 percentage points in September 2026, a point most headlines left out.7

    The Bank of Greece's release says the margin between outstanding deposits and loans increased («αυξήθηκε») to 4.53 percentage points.3

What we don't know yet

  • What the Athens Court of Appeal did on 3 November 2026 with ΟΣΜΕ's appeal against arbitration decision 8/2026: whether it was heard, adjourned or decided.
  • How many ΚΤΕΛ companies stopped on 3 November 2026, whether any ran a reduced service, whether ΚΤΕΛ Attikis routes were affected, and whether ΟΣΜΕ will call further strikes.
  • Whether the Production and Trade Committee sitting on the electricity-market bill took place on 3 November 2026, and when the bill goes to the plenary. Parliament's website blocked us.
  • How many pending objections the 15 November 2026 deadline covers, and whether it will be extended again.
  • When e-ΕΦΚΑ will announce the December 2026 pension dates, and whether it keeps the proposed 25 and 27 November 2026.
  • When the AI and platform-work bill will be posted for public consultation, and for how long.

Sources

  1. Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως (ΦΕΚ Α' 21/14.02.2025) · Νόμος 5177/2025: Κύρωση Κώδικα εμμέσων φόρων επί των συναλλαγών του πεδίου εφαρμογής του Κώδικα Φορολογικής Διαδικασίας και λοιπών εμμέσων φόρων · 14 February 2025 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
    Passage we quote: Law 5177/2025, article 60, paragraph 3

    «Σε περίπτωση καταβολής των τελών κυκλοφορίας εντός του μηνός Ιανουαρίου του έτους στο οποίο αφορούν, επιβάλλεται πρόστιμο ίσο με το είκοσι πέντε τοις εκατό (25%) του ποσού και, σε περίπτωση καταβολής των τελών κυκλοφορίας εντός του μηνός Φεβρουαρίου του έτους στο οποίο αφορούν, επιβάλλεται πρόστιμο ίσο με το πενήντα τοις εκατό (50%) του ποσού. […] Σε περίπτωση καταβολής μετά από την πάροδο δύο (2) μηνών από την προθεσμία του δεύτερου εδαφίου, ή μη καταβολής, ή καταβολής μέρους μόνο των τελών κυκλοφορίας, με υπαιτιότητα του φορολογουμένου, καταβάλλεται αυτοτελές πρόστιμο ίσο με τα τέλη κυκλοφορίας.»

    If road tax is paid within January of the year to which it relates, a fine equal to twenty-five per cent (25%) of the amount is imposed and, if road tax is paid within February of the year to which it relates, a fine equal to fifty per cent (50%) of the amount is imposed. […] If payment is made after two (2) months have passed from the deadline in the second sentence [of paragraph 1, i.e. 31 December], or no payment is made, or only part of the road tax is paid, through the taxpayer's fault, a separate fine equal to the road tax is payable. (in our translation)

  2. ΕΡΤ (ertnews.gr) · Τέλη κυκλοφορίας 2027: Αναρτήθηκαν τα ειδοποιητήρια στο myCAR - Πότε λήγει η προθεσμία και ποια πρόστιμα προβλέπονται · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  3. Τράπεζα της Ελλάδος (Bank of Greece) · Τραπεζικά Επιτόκια Καταθέσεων και Δανείων: Σεπτέμβριος 2026 · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗
  4. European Central Bank · Key ECB interest rates (checked 3 November 2026) · 3 November 2026 · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  5. Παραπολιτικά (Parapolitika), from the ΑΠΕ-ΜΠΕ news agency · Τράπεζα της Ελλάδος: Έκλεισε η "ψαλίδα" επιτοκίων καταθέσεων και δανείων τον Σεπτέμβριο · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  6. Τα Νέα (Ta Nea) · ΤτΕ: Έκλεισε η «ψαλίδα» επιτοκίων καταθέσεων και δανείων τον Σεπτέμβριο · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  7. Capital.gr · ΤτΕ: Μικρή υποχώρηση του περιθωρίου επιτοκίων νέων δανείων - καταθέσεων τον Σεπτέμβριο · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  8. Υπουργείο Εργασίας και Κοινωνικής Ασφάλισης (Ministry of Labour and Social Security) · ΥΠΕΚΑ Ν. Κεραμέως: Θέτουμε κανόνες στη χρήση της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης στην αγορά εργασίας · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗
  9. Government spokesman (media.gov.gr) · Ανακοίνωση του Υφυπουργού παρά τω Πρωθυπουργώ και Κυβερνητικού Εκπροσώπου Παύλου Μαρινάκη για την συνεδρίαση του Υπουργικού Συμβουλίου της 2ας Νοεμβρίου 2026 · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  10. Capital.gr · Ν. Κεραμέως: Θέτουμε κανόνες στη χρήση της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης στην αγορά εργασίας · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  11. ΕΡΤ (ertnews.gr) · Ν. Κεραμέως: Θέτουμε κανόνες στη χρήση της τεχνητής νοημοσύνης στην αγορά εργασίας - Νέες ρυθμίσεις για τις γονικές άδειες · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  12. European Parliament, Legislative Train Schedule · Initiative to improve the working conditions of people working in the platform economy · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  13. The TOC · ΚΤΕΛ: Απεργία την Τρίτη 3 Νοεμβρίου - Χειρόφρενο σε αστικά και υπεραστικά λεωφορεία · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  14. OnlyAuto · Ακινητοποιημένα την Τρίτη (3/11) τα ΚΤΕΛ - 24ωρη πανελλαδική απεργία · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  15. Anagnostis · Με αίτημα αυξήσεις μετά από 17 χρόνια, απεργούν την Τρίτη τα ΚΤΕΛ · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  16. Τα Νέα (Ta Nea) · ΚΤΕΛ Θεσσαλονίκης: Κανονικά όλα τα δρομολόγια την Τρίτη · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  17. eMakedonia · Θεσσαλονίκη: Κανονικά θα εκτελούνται αύριο τα δρομολόγια του ΚΤΕΛ · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  18. Newsbomb · Απεργία στα ΚΤΕΛ σήμερα: Ποια δρομολόγια θα γίνουν κανονικά και πού αναμένονται προβλήματα · 3 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  19. Έθνος (Ethnos) · Αγορά ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας: Τι προβλέπει το νομοσχέδιο που κατατέθηκε στη Βουλή · 31 October 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  20. HuffPost Greece · Τι αλλάζει στους λογαριασμούς ηλεκτρικού ρεύματος · 3 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  21. Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως (ΦΕΚ Β' 6567/30.10.2026) · Αριθμ. 6315: Τροποποίηση της υπ΄αρ. 42483/22.7.2026 απόφασης «Ρύθμιση θεμάτων της ηλεκτρονικής πλατφόρμας επαναπροσδιορισμού εκκρεμών ανακοπών σύμφωνα με τα άρθρα 130 επ. του ν. 5221/2025» - Παράταση προθεσμίας υποβολής αιτήσεων επαναπροσδιορισμού · 30 October 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
    Passage we quote: Joint ministerial decision 6315/2026, article 1, paragraph 1 (new point α of article 14(1) of decision 42483/2026)

    «α) Από 1-9-2026 έως και 15-11-2026 για τις ανακοπές που έχει προσδιοριστεί δικάσιμος από 17-9-2027 έως και 31-12-2029,»

    a) From 1-9-2026 up to and including 15-11-2026 for objections for which a hearing date has been set from 17-9-2027 up to and including 31-12-2029, (in our translation)

    Passage we quote: Joint ministerial decision 6315/2026, article 1, paragraph 1 (new point β of article 14(1) of decision 42483/2026)

    «β) Από 1-10-2026 έως και 15-11-2026 για τις ανακοπές που έχει προσδιοριστεί δικάσιμος από 1-1-2030 έως και 31-12-2032»

    b) From 1-10-2026 up to and including 15-11-2026 for objections for which a hearing date has been set from 1-1-2030 up to and including 31-12-2032 (in our translation)

  22. Mononews · Νέες προθεσμίες για να μην χαθούν οι ανακοπές για πλειστηριασμούς · 3 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  23. Taxheaven (reproduction of the ΦΕΚ decision) · Α.1227/2026 Μετάθεση της προθεσμίας υποβολής των «Δηλώσεων Βραχυχρόνιας Διαμονής» που προβλέπονται από την υπό στοιχεία ΠΟΛ.1187/2017 απόφαση του Διοικητή της ΑΑΔΕ · 26 October 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  24. ΑΑΔΕ (Independent Authority for Public Revenue) · Συχνές ερωτήσεις-απαντήσεις: βραχυχρόνια μίσθωση ακινήτων (FAQ: short-term letting of property) · 23 September 2025 · in Greek · Open ↗
  25. e-ΕΦΚΑ · Δελτία Τύπου (press releases), list checked 3 November 2026 · 3 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗
  26. Powergame.gr · Συντάξεις Δεκεμβρίου 2026: Οι δύο πιθανότερες ημερομηνίες πληρωμής · 3 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  27. enikonomia.gr · Συντάξεις Δεκεμβρίου 2026: Πότε αναμένεται να πληρωθούν · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  28. Ελεύθερος Τύπος (Eleftheros Typos) · Συντάξεις Δεκεμβρίου: Αυτές είναι οι τελικές ημερομηνίες πληρωμής - Διπλή οικονομική ανάσα · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  29. Υπουργείο Εργασίας και Κοινωνικής Ασφάλισης (Ministry of Labour and Social Security) · Ο «χάρτης» των πληρωμών από e-ΕΦΚΑ, ΔΥΠΑ για την περίοδο 2 έως 6 Νοεμβρίου · 30 October 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗
  30. Υπουργείο Παιδείας, Θρησκευμάτων και Αθλητισμού (Ministry of Education, Religious Affairs and Sport) · 03-11-26 Νέα επιχορήγηση 1.036.500 ευρώ στο ΑΠΘ για το φοιτητικό στεγαστικό επίδομα · 3 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  31. Eurostat · Annual inflation up to 3.8% in the euro area (Euro indicators) · 16 October 2026 · Open ↗ · Archived copy

Every figure in the text links to its source. Our own calculations are marked as such. Translations from Greek are ours. Archived copies are snapshots saved on the Internet Archive when we published.

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Claude AI

This article was written by Claude, an AI model made by Anthropic, from the sources listed above. Every figure was checked against its source, and a person read the article before it was published.

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