Greece today · Monday 2 November

Greece today: November electricity prices rise, the heating-oil pump subsidy runs to 15 November, and public-sector pension applications go online

Green electricity prices rose for November 2026, ΔΕΗ's fixed-price myHome Online offer went up to €0.130/kWh, and the government's 30 October package has no help for household electricity bills. The pump subsidy on heating oil now runs to 15 November 2026, and from today public-sector staff apply for an old-age pension online only.

Written by Claude AI
· 7 min

30We read 30 sources, 28 in Greek, 8 of them official documents, We read decision 176670 ΕΞ 2026 in the Government Gazette (ΦΕΚ Β' 6568/30.10.2026), e-ΕΦΚΑ's release 428, ΔΕΗ's and Protergia's November price pages, article 214 of law 4512/2018 and ΟΠΕΚΑ's child-benefit page ourselves. Heron's page still showed October prices, so its November price rests on Newmoney and Energypress. ΑΑΔΕ's and STASY's sites blocked us, so the farm payment and the Metro closures rest on outlets that reproduce their releases., so you can read this in 7 minutes. What we checked ↓

At a glance

  • ΔΕΗ's green tariff costs €0.16901/kWh for the first 200 kWh and €0.28444/kWh above 200 kWh in November 2026; its fixed-price myHome Online offer rose to €0.130/kWh, and the government's 30 October package has no help for household electricity bills in November.12411
  • The pump subsidy on heating oil (€0.16 a litre before VAT), diesel (€0.12) and unleaded petrol (€0.08) is extended to 15 November 2026 by decision 176670 ΕΞ 2026.1212
  • From Monday 2 November 2026, people insured under the former public-sector scheme apply for an old-age pension only online at e-ΕΦΚΑ, but must still print the receipt and hand it to their employer's personnel department.1313

November electricity: green prices rise, and ΔΕΗ's fixed-price offer goes up to €0.130

Green electricity tariffs in Greece, the tariffs whose price is reset every month, rose for November 2026.45 ΔΕΗ (Δημόσια Επιχείρηση Ηλεκτρισμού, Dimosia Epicheirisi Ilektrismou), the Public Power Corporation, charges €0.16901/kWh for the first 200 kWh a month and €0.28444/kWh above 200 kWh on its green Γ1/Γ1Ν tariff in November 2026, plus a fixed €5 a month.1 ΔΕΗ's first-band price is up 6.2% from €0.15913/kWh in October 2026.67 By our calculation, ΔΕΗ's price above 200 kWh is up 29.3% from the €0.21997/kWh on its October 2026 page, as recorded in our tariffs guide.1 ΔΕΗ's November page still does not say whether the higher price applies to all of a month's consumption or only to the kWh above 200.1

Other suppliers rose further. Heron's BASIC HOME green tariff costs €0.2595/kWh in November 2026, up from €0.1476/kWh, according to Newmoney and Energypress.45 By our calculation, that is a rise of 75.8%.45 Protergia's Value Special costs €0.264/kWh in November 2026 after its on-time payment discount, excluding 6% VAT, up 43.5% from €0.184/kWh in October.34

ΔΕΗ's fixed-price (blue) myHome Online tariff costs €0.130/kWh, with a €5 monthly fixed fee, for 12-month contracts activated from 1 to 30 November 2026.2 Newmoney and Capital.gr report that this is up from €0.115/kWh in October 2026.46 By our calculation, 500 kWh in November 2026 costs at least €119.13 in energy charges on ΔΕΗ's green tariff and €65 on the new myHome Online offer, before fixed and regulated charges.12

The rises follow the October 2026 wholesale electricity price, which Insider.gr and Ethnos put at about €197/MWh, up about 26% from €156.31/MWh in September.910 The government's extension of fuel subsidies on 30 October 2026 includes no help with household electricity bills for November.11 Our electricity tariffs guide explains the tariff colours and how to switch.

Heating oil: the pump subsidy now runs to 15 November 2026

Greece has extended its pump subsidy on heating oil, diesel and unleaded petrol by 15 days, to Sunday 15 November 2026.12 The legal basis is joint ministerial decision 176670 ΕΞ 2026, signed by Kyriakos Pierrakakis and Athanasios Petralias, the Minister and Deputy Minister of National Economy and Finance (Υπουργείο Εθνικής Οικονομίας και Οικονομικών, Ypourgeio Ethnikis Oikonomias kai Oikonomikon).12 It was published in the Government Gazette (ΦΕΚ, Φύλλο Εφημερίδας της Κυβερνήσεως, Fyllo Efimeridas tis Kyverniseos) in issue Β' 6568 on 30 October 2026, and takes effect from 1 November 2026.12

The state subsidy per litre, before VAT, stays at €0.16 for heating oil, €0.12 for diesel and €0.08 for unleaded petrol up to 95 octane.12 The decision puts the extra cost for 1 to 15 November 2026 at an estimated €35 million.12 The ministry's release says the discount at the pump is 40 cents a litre on heating oil (20 cents from the state and 20 from the refineries), 20 cents on diesel (15 plus 5) and 10 cents on unleaded petrol.11 By our calculation, €0.16 plus 24% VAT is €0.1984, which matches the release's 20 cents from the state.1211

Our heating-oil discount guide explains how the pump discount works, and our heating allowance guide covers the separate allowance for winter 2026–27.

Public-sector pensions: how do you apply from 2 November 2026?

From Monday 2 November 2026, people insured under the former public-sector scheme (τέως Δημόσιο, teos Dimosio) apply for an old-age pension only online, according to release 428 of e-ΕΦΚΑ (Ηλεκτρονικός Εθνικός Φορέας Κοινωνικής Ασφάλισης, Ilektronikos Ethnikos Foreas Koinonikis Asfalisis), the national social-security fund.13 Survivors' pension applications, made after an insured person dies, go online from Monday 9 November 2026.13 One application covers the main pension, the supplementary pension, the lump sum and ΜΤΠΥ (Μετοχικό Ταμείο Πολιτικών Υπαλλήλων, Metochiko Tameio Politikon Ypallilon), the civil servants' fund.13 Applicants log in at e-efka.gov.gr with their TAXISnet codes.13

The application can be finalised only after the job has ended, for example by resignation, the age limit, physical incapacity or leaving the armed forces (αποστρατεία, apostrateia).13 The applicant then prints the submission receipt and files it with the personnel or administration department of the body they are leaving.13 That department completes the e-ΔΑΥΚ, the individual and service-record form, and forwards the file.13 e-ΕΦΚΑ's help line is 1555, free of charge.13

Efsyn (Η Εφημερίδα των Συντακτών, I Efimerida ton Syntakton) called the change a «φιάσκο» (fiasco) in a report by Lena Kyriakidi on 30 October 2026, saying applicants will submit online, print and hand in the form without anything changing from the procedure so far.14 The print-and-file step is in e-ΕΦΚΑ's own release; Efsyn's view that the change will probably slow pension awards cannot be checked on day one.1314

ERTnews, the news site of ΕΡΤ (Ελληνική Ραδιοφωνία Τηλεόραση, Elliniki Radiofonia Tileorasi), the public broadcaster, reported on 2 November 2026 that e-ΕΦΚΑ's governor, Alexandros Varveris, estimates that pension applications will exceed 210,000 by the end of 2026; it did not say when he made the remarks.15 The figure is an estimate, not published data: when we checked on 2 November 2026, e-ΕΦΚΑ's official monthly reports on pension awards still stopped at July 2026.16 Our analysis of pension applications and the retirement age has the official figures.

Child benefit: the rise announced in 2024 was never legislated

Greece's child benefit (Α21), paid by ΟΠΕΚΑ (Οργανισμός Προνοιακών Επιδομάτων και Κοινωνικής Αλληλεγγύης, Organismos Pronoiakon Epidomaton kai Koinonikis Allilengyis), the welfare benefits agency, still pays the amounts set by article 214 of law 4512/2018.1920 Those are €70, €42 or €28 a month for each of the first two children, depending on the income band, and €140, €84 or €56 for the third and each further child.1920

On 12 September 2024, the Ministry of Social Cohesion and Family (Υπουργείο Κοινωνικής Συνοχής και Οικογένειας, Ypourgeio Koinonikis Synochis kai Oikogeneias) announced that the second and third income bands would merge, raising the third band from €28 to €45 per child, and that the first band would rise to €75.17 The minister, Sofia Zacharaki, said on 21 September 2024 that recipients would see the rises "from the start of next year" (in our translation).18 The amounts in article 214 have not been amended, and ΟΠΕΚΑ's page still listed them on 2 November 2026.1920 The bill with the 2026 Thessaloniki fair measures, whose consultation closed on 1 November 2026, raises the birth allowance for large families, but the ministry's summary includes no change to child-benefit amounts.21

NewsIT calculated on 1 November 2026 that a family with five children in the third band would have received up to €2,992 more from January 2025 to October 2026; by our calculation the figure is right (€136 a month for 22 months).2217 It assumes the family stayed eligible in the same band, although the 2024 plan also brought in asset tests and would have counted only 80% of wage income.1718 Our explainer on the child-benefit rise that was never paid sets out the promise, the law and the payments.

Farmers: ΑΑΔΕ pays a 70% advance of the 2026 basic payment

ΑΑΔΕ (Ανεξάρτητη Αρχή Δημοσίων Εσόδων, Anexartiti Archi Dimosion Esodon), the tax authority, paid a 70% advance of the 2026 Basic Income Support (Βασική Εισοδηματική Στήριξη, Vasiki Eisodimatiki Stirixi) on Saturday 31 October 2026.23 It went to producers who filed the Single Aid Application (Ενιαία Αίτηση Ενίσχυσης, Eniaia Aitisi Enischysis, ΕΑΕ) by 25 September 2026, and came to €7,806,768.22 for 19,819 beneficiaries after set-offs against debts.24 Farmers who filed the ΕΑΕ from 26 September to 10 November 2026 will receive their advance by 30 November 2026, according to ΑΑΔΕ's release.23 Livestock farmers who asked for an allocation of pasture land are due their advance within the first ten days of November 2026.2324

Metro Line 3: five stations close at 21:40 until Thursday 5 November 2026

From Sunday 1 to Thursday 5 November 2026, the Ethniki Amyna, Cholargos, Nomismatokopeio, Agia Paraskevi and Chalandri stations on Athens Metro Line 3 close at 21:40, two and a half hours before the normal end of service, for rail-replacement works.2526 The notice comes from ΣΤΑΣΥ (Σταθερές Συγκοινωνίες, Statheres Sygkoinonies), the Athens Metro operator, as carried by Insider.gr and ERT.2526 During the works, trains run between Dimotiko Theatro and Katechaki and between Doukissis Plakentias and the Airport.25 After 21:40, Airport trains run to and from Doukissis Plakentias only, leaving Doukissis Plakentias for the Airport at 22:24, 23:00 and 23:36.2526 ΟΑΣΑ (Οργανισμός Αστικών Συγκοινωνιών Αθηνών, Organismos Astikon Sygkoinonion Athinon), the Athens transport authority, runs a temporary X25 bus from Katechaki to Doukissis Plakentias metro stations, calling at every closed station, from 21:40 to the end of Metro service.2526

In brief

  • Electricity bill: the committee reading of the Environment and Energy Ministry's electricity-market bill starts on Tuesday 3 November 2026 in Parliament's Production and Trade Committee (Επιτροπή Παραγωγής και Εμπορίου, Epitropi Paragogis kai Emporiou), according to Ethnos and Mononews.2728 Our explainer on the bill sets out what it would change.
  • Tomorrow's e-ΕΦΚΑ payment: on Tuesday 3 November 2026, e-ΕΦΚΑ pays €258,635.24 to 361 beneficiaries of out-of-institution allowances (εξωιδρυματικά επιδόματα, exoidrymatika epidomata) from the former ΤΑΥΤΕΚΩ insurance fund.2930

What we checked

Highlights from our fact-check against the original Greek documents. Every claim in the article went through the same check.

  • Got it wrong

    To Vima wrote on 1 November 2026, under a headline saying ΔΕΗ's blue and green prices were 'locked', that the blue price 'remains' at €0.130/kWh (in our translation).7

    ΔΕΗ's page gives €0.130/kWh as an offer for myHome Online contracts activated from 1 to 30 November 2026, and Newmoney and Capital.gr report that the price rose from 11.5 to 13 cents per kWh.246

  • Got it wrong

    Energymag gave as an example on 1 November 2026 that 500 kWh would cost €65 in energy charges at ΔΕΗ's new 13-cent blue price, against €84.50 on ΔΕΗ's November green tariff, a gap of €19.50 a month.8

    €84.50 is 500 × €0.169, but ΔΕΗ's November page charges €0.28444/kWh above 200 kWh. By our calculation, 500 kWh costs at least €119.13 in energy charges on green (€142.22 if the higher price applies to all 500 kWh), so the gap with the blue offer is at least €54, not €19.50.12

  • Confirmed

    Efsyn wrote on 30 October 2026 that public-sector staff will submit their pension application online, print it and hand it in, and called the change a «φιάσκο» (fiasco).14

    e-ΕΦΚΑ's own release 428 tells applicants to print the submission receipt and file it with the personnel or administration department of the body they are leaving. Efsyn's view that the change will probably slow the process cannot be checked yet.13

What we don't know yet

  • Whether the pump subsidy on heating oil, diesel and unleaded petrol will be extended again after 15 November 2026. The decision and the ministry's release say nothing beyond that date.
  • Whether ΔΕΗ charges €0.28444/kWh on all of a household's consumption once it passes 200 kWh a month, or only on the kWh above 200. ΔΕΗ's November page does not say.
  • Whether paper public-sector pension applications filed before 2 November 2026 are processed as they stand, and whether a provisional online application can be made before resigning. e-ΕΦΚΑ's release 428 does not say.
  • Why the child-benefit rise announced in September 2024 was never legislated, and whether it has been dropped. We found no official explanation.
  • When the remaining 30% of the 2026 basic farm payment will be paid. ΑΑΔΕ mentions only a first payment in December 2026, with no date or share.
  • Parliament's timetable for the electricity bill after the committee reading starts, including the plenary vote. Parliament's website blocked us.
  • Whether the early closures of five Metro Line 3 stations continue after 5 November 2026. STASY's notice covers 1 to 5 November only.

Sources

  1. ΔΕΗ (PPC) · Γ1/Γ1Ν Home: November 2026 prices (checked 2 November 2026; October 2026 prices as checked in October 2026) · 2 November 2026 · Open ↗
  2. ΔΕΗ (PPC) · ΔΕΗ myHome Online (contracts activated 01.11.2026–30.11.2026) · 2 November 2026 · Open ↗
  3. Protergia · Protergia Οικιακό Value Special (November 2026 price table) · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  4. Newmoney (Μαριάννα Τζάννε) · Φωτιά τα τιμολόγια με αύξηση έως 76% στο ρεύμα – Σωσίβιο για σχεδόν 4 εκατ. καταναλωτές το μπλε τιμολόγιο της ΔΕΗ · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  5. Energypress · Αυξήσεις μέχρι και… 76% στα πράσινα τιμολόγια του Νοέμβρη - Τα 30 λεπτά / KWh πλησιάζει πλέον ο μέσος όρος της αγοράς · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  6. Capital.gr · ΔΕΗ: Στα 16,9 λεπτά το πράσινο τιμολόγιο Νοεμβρίου – Νέο σταθερό μπλε στα 13 λεπτά η κιλοβατώρα · 1 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  7. Το Βήμα (To Vima) · Ηλεκτρικό ρεύμα: Κλείδωσαν οι τιμές σε μπλε και πράσινο τιμολόγιο στη ΔΕΗ · 1 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  8. Energymag · Η ΔΕΗ απορροφά το σοκ της χονδρικής (αύξηση 26% στην αγορά, 6,2% στο πράσινο) · 1 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  9. Insider.gr (Μιχάλης Μαστοράκης) · Ρεύμα: Ξεπέρασε τα 25 λεπτά η μέση χρέωση των πράσινων τιμολογίων για τον Νοέμβριο · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  10. Έθνος (Ethnos) · ΔΕΗ: Νέο σταθερό φθηνό μπλε τιμολόγιο - Η χρέωση στο πράσινο · 1 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  11. Υπουργείο Εθνικής Οικονομίας και Οικονομικών (Ministry of National Economy and Finance) · Επεκτείνεται η επιδότηση καυσίμων για την περίοδο 1 έως 15 Νοεμβρίου 2026 – Κοινή ανακοίνωση των Υπουργείων Εθνικής Οικονομίας και Οικονομικών και Περιβάλλοντος και Ενέργειας · 30 October 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  12. Εφημερίδα της Κυβερνήσεως (ΦΕΚ Β' 6568/30.10.2026) · Αριθμ. 176670 ΕΞ 2026: Αναπροσαρμογή χρονικού διαστήματος επιδότησης πετρελαίου κίνησης, πετρελαίου εσωτερικής καύσης-θέρμανσης και αμόλυβδης βενζίνης · 30 October 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
    Passage we quote: Joint ministerial decision 176670 ΕΞ 2026, sole article, first paragraph

    «Αναπροσαρμόζεται το χρονικό διάστημα επιδότησης του πετρελαίου κίνησης, του πετρελαίου εσωτερικής καύσης - θέρμανσης, καθώς και της αμόλυβδης βενζίνης με ερευνητικό αριθμό οκτανίου (Research Octane Number - RON) έως ενενήντα πέντε (RON≤95) και η ισχύς των κοινών υπουργικών αποφάσεων υπό στοιχεία α) 166190 ΕΞ 2026/14.10.2026 «Χορήγηση επιδότησης πετρελαίου κίνησης και πετρελαίου εσωτερικής καύσης - θέρμανσης» (Β’ 6229) και β) 168092 ΕΞ 2026/16.10.2026 «Χορήγηση επιδότησης αμόλυβδης βενζίνης» (Β’ 6313), παρατείνεται από τη λήξη τους και για χρονικό διάστημα δεκαπέντε (15) ημερών, ήτοι από την 1η έως και τη 15η Νοεμβρίου 2026.»

    The subsidy period for diesel, heating oil and unleaded petrol with a research octane number (RON) of up to ninety-five (RON≤95) is adjusted, and the validity of joint ministerial decisions a) 166190 ΕΞ 2026/14.10.2026 'Granting of a subsidy on diesel and heating oil' (Β' 6229) and b) 168092 ΕΞ 2026/16.10.2026 'Granting of a subsidy on unleaded petrol' (Β' 6313) is extended from their expiry for a period of fifteen (15) days, that is, from 1 to 15 November 2026 inclusive. (in our translation)

  13. e-ΕΦΚΑ · Δελτίο Τύπου 428: Συντάξεις Δημοσίου: Από τον Νοέμβριο του 2026 ηλεκτρονικά οι αιτήσεις για σύνταξη γήρατος και λόγω θανάτου ασφαλισμένου · 23 October 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
    Passage we quote: e-ΕΦΚΑ press release 428, 23 October 2026

    «Η αιτούσα/Ο αιτών εκτυπώνει το αποδεικτικό υποβολής της αίτησης και το καταθέτει στην αρμόδια Διεύθυνση Προσωπικού/Διοικητικού του Φορέα από τον οποίο αποχωρεί.»

    The applicant prints the proof that the application has been submitted and files it with the competent Personnel/Administration Directorate of the body they are leaving. (in our translation)

  14. Η Εφημερίδα των Συντακτών (Efsyn), Λένα Κυριακίδη · ΕΦΚΑ: «Φιάσκο» με την ψηφιακή αίτηση για σύνταξη από το Δημόσιο – Θα εκτυπώνεται όπως η… χειρόγραφη · 30 October 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  15. ΕΡΤ (ertnews.gr) · ΕΦΚΑ: Ηλεκτρονικά οι αιτήσεις συνταξιοδότησης για τους δημοσίους υπαλλήλους – Πάνω από 210.000 αιτήσεις το 2026 · 2 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  16. e-ΕΦΚΑ · Απεικόνιση απονομών κύριων συντάξεων για το 2026 (checked 2 November 2026) · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  17. Υπουργείο Κοινωνικής Συνοχής και Οικογένειας (Ministry of Social Cohesion and Family) · Σοφία Ζαχαράκη: Αναμόρφωση των επιδομάτων και αυξήσεις στα ποσά του Ελάχιστου Εγγυημένου Εισοδήματος, του επιδόματος παιδιού και του επιδόματος στέγης – Δια βίου ορισμός των τριτέκνων για 200.000 οικογένειες · 12 September 2024 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  18. Υπουργείο Κοινωνικής Συνοχής και Οικογένειας (Ministry of Social Cohesion and Family) · Σοφία Ζαχαράκη στο mononews: Το σχέδιο για το «Σπίτι μου ΙΙ», τα επιδόματα παιδιών και στέγης και το έκτακτο βοήθημα τα Χριστούγεννα · 21 September 2024 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  19. Taxheaven · Άρθρο 214 — Ν. 4512/2018 (consolidated text) · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  20. ΟΠΕΚΑ · Επίδομα Παιδιού (Α21) (checked 2 November 2026) · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  21. Υπουργείο Εθνικής Οικονομίας και Οικονομικών (Ministry of National Economy and Finance) · Αναρτήθηκε σε δημόσια διαβούλευση το νομοσχέδιο με τα μέτρα που ανακοινώθηκαν στην 90ή Διεθνή Έκθεση Θεσσαλονίκης και εφαρμόζονται κατά τα έτη 2026 και 2027 · 18 October 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  22. NewsIT (Γιώργος Παλαιτσάκης) · Επίδομα παιδιού: Πόσα έχασαν εκατοντάδες χιλιάδες οικογένειες από τις αυξήσεις που δεν εφαρμόστηκαν · 1 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗
  23. Taxheaven (reproducing ΑΑΔΕ's press release) · ΑΑΔΕ: Πληρώθηκε η προκαταβολή 70% της Βασικής Εισοδηματικής Στήριξης της ΕΑΕ 2026 για όσους υπέβαλαν αίτηση έως τις 25 Σεπτεμβρίου · 1 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗
  24. enikonomia.gr · ΑΑΔΕ: Πληρώθηκαν 7,8 εκατ. ευρώ σε 19.819 αγρότες για τη βασική ενίσχυση του 2026 - Έως τις 30 Νοεμβρίου η επόμενη προκαταβολή · 1 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗
  25. Insider.gr (ΑΠΕ-ΜΠΕ) · ΣΤΑΣΥ: Κλειστοί απ' τις 21:40 το βράδυ σταθμοί του Μετρό λόγω εργασιών - Ως την Πέμπτη · 1 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  26. ΕΡΤ (ertnews.gr) · Μετρό: Κλειστοί από τις 21:40 πέντε σταθμοί της Γραμμής 3 έως τις 5 Νοεμβρίου · 1 November 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  27. Έθνος (Ethnos) · Αγορά ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας: Τι προβλέπει το νομοσχέδιο που κατατέθηκε στη Βουλή · 31 October 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  28. Mononews · ΥΠΕΝ: Την Τρίτη η επεξεργασία του νομοσχεδίου στη Βουλή · 31 October 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  29. Υπουργείο Εργασίας και Κοινωνικής Ασφάλισης (Ministry of Labour and Social Security) · Ο «χάρτης» των πληρωμών από e-ΕΦΚΑ, ΔΥΠΑ για την περίοδο 2 έως 6 Νοεμβρίου · 30 October 2026 · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy
  30. proson.gr · e-ΕΦΚΑ και ΔΥΠΑ: Ποιοι θα πληρωθούν έως τις 6 Νοεμβρίου · in Greek · Open ↗ · Archived copy

Every figure in the text links to its source. Our own calculations are marked as such. Translations from Greek are ours. Archived copies are snapshots saved on the Internet Archive when we published.

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Claude AI

This article was written by Claude, an AI model made by Anthropic, from the sources listed above. Every figure was checked against its source, and a person read the article before it was published.

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